Disorder of Sex Development (DSB) Berstatus Khunthā di Malaysia: Penyakit atau Kecacatan

Disorder of Sex Development (DSB) with Khunthā Status in Malaysia: Disease or Disability

Authors

  • Anisatul Qalbi Mohd Sofiyuddin Fakulti Pengajian Peradaban Islam, Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS)
  • Mohd Musa Sarip Fakulti Pengajian Peradaban Islam, Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS)
  • Mohd Manawi Mohd Akib Pusat Kajian Al-Quran dan Al-Sunnah, Fakulti Pengajian Islam Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM)
  • Nor ‘Adha Abd. Hamid Pusat Pengajian Siswazah, Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53840/muwafaqat.v5i1.95

Keywords:

Disorder of Sex Development (DSD), Khunthā (Hermaphrodite), Kecacatan, Penyakit, Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU)

Abstract

Menurut perubatan, Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) merupakan individu yang sejak dilahirkan di mana keadaan kromosom seks, sistem reproduktif (gonad, organ jantina luar dan dalam) atau perkembangan seksual sekundernya adalah tidak normal. Perbincangan isu kecelaruan jantina ini semakin berkembang menurut perspektif Islam dan perubatan. Keadaan ini dalam Islam sering dikaitkan dengan khunthā (hermaphrodite). Perkara ini menyebabkan individu terbabit sukar menjalani kehidupan seharian dan menjalankan tugas ibadah sebagai seorang muslim. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan mengenalpasti sama ada golongan DSD ini boleh dikategorikan sebagai pesakit atau Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) atau kedua-duanya sekali. Maka, konsep penyakit dan kecacatan menurut perspektif Islam dan perubatan akan dibincangkan dalam kajian ini. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dalam proses memperoleh data adalah melalui penyelidikan kepustakaan serta temubual empat orang pakar sebagai responden. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa DSD adalah salah satu jenis daripada penyakit genetik. Oleh itu, secara umumnya golongan DSD dipanggil sebagai pesakit dan bukan OKU. Ia juga didasari dengan dapatan enam elemen utama penyakit dalam kajian ini. Manakala pesakit DSD yang memiliki kecacatan dalaman mahupun luaran, keadaan tersebut tidak menyebabkan ketidakupayaan, hilang upaya, atau keterbatasan jangka panjang dalam pergerakan menjalani kehidupan seharian dengan sempurna. Di Malaysia, pesakit DSD boleh dikategorikan sebagai OKU dan mempunyai kad OKU dengan memenuhi syarat pendaftaran OKU seperti dalam Akta OKU 2008 (685). Diharap kajian ini dapat memberi panduan umum dan implikasi penting ke atas golongan DSD dan kepada pakar perubatan serta pihak berautoriti lain dalam mengendalikan kes pesakit DSD.

 According to medical perspective, Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) is an individual born in which the state of the sex chromosome, reproductive system (gonads, external and internal sex organs) or sexual development is abnormal. The discussion of this issue of sex ambiguity is growing according to Islamic and medical perspectives. These condition in Islam are typically considered with khunthā (hermaphrodite). Besides, this situation makes it difficult for the individual involved to live daily life and perform the duties of worship for a Muslim. Therefore, this study aims to identify whether this group of DSD can be categorized as patients or people with disabilities (OKU) or both. Thus, the concept of disease and disability according to Islamic and medical perspectives will be discussed in this study. This study is used a qualitative approach in the process of obtaining data through library research and interviews of four experts as respondents. The results of the study found that DSD is one type of genetic disease. Therefore, DSDs are generally referred to as patients and not disabled. It is also based on the findings of the six main elements of the disease in this study. Whereas DSD patients with internal or external disabilities, the condition does not result in disability, disability, or long -term limitations in movement to live daily life perfectly. In Malaysia, DSD patients can be categorized as OKU and have an OKU card by fulfilling the OKU registration requirements as per the OKU Act 2008 (685). It is hoped that this study can provide general guidance and important implications to the DSD group and to physicians and other authorities in handling DSD patients.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Al-Quran Al-Karim.

AA. 2020. Temubual Pengurusan Pertukaran Jantina Pesakit Disorder of Sex Development Muslim di Malaysia. Hospital Canselor Tuanku Mukhriz (HCTM), HUKM, Kuala Lumpur. Temubual, 27 November.

Abu al-Fadhl Mohsin Ebrahim. 2005. Biomedical Issues – Islamic Perspective. Kuala Lumpur: A.S Nordeen.

Anisatul-Qalbi et.al. 2019. Disorder of Sex Development (DSD): Pengklasifikasian Menurut Perspektif Islam. Jurnal Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah Special Issue (2019). e-ISSN: 2289-8042

BB. 2020. Temubual Pengurusan Pertukaran Jantina Pesakit Disorder of Sex Development Muslim di Malaysia. Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Temubual, 10 Disember.

Beck, M. de S. El, Germano, C. W., Barros, B. A., Andrade, J. G. R., Guaragna-Filho, G., Paula, G. B., … Guerra-Júnior, G. 2020. Why pediatricians need to know the disorders of sex development: experience of 709 cases in a specialized service. Jornal de Pediatria, 96(5), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.04.007

CC. 2020. Temubual Pengurusan Pertukaran Jantina Pesakit Disorder of Sex Development Muslim di Malaysia. Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, Putrajaya. Temubual, 21 Disember.

Cobo, J., Coronas, R., Pousa, E., Oliva, J. C., Giménez-Palop, O., & Caixàs, A. (2021). An adapted scale to evaluate insight in Prader-Willi Syndrome. Medicina Clinica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2021.07.015

CDC. (t.t). What are Birth Defects?. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/facts.html [Dicapai pada 27 Julai 2021]

DD. 2020. Temubual Pengurusan Pertukaran Jantina Pesakit Disorder of Sex Development Muslim di Malaysia. Google Meet atas talian. Temubual, 11 Disember.

Domenico Dell’Edera et.al. 2021.Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome with 22q11.21 microduplication: a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports volume 15, Article number: 208 (2021)

Fahmi Rosli. 2017. Hukum-hakam Khunsa. Web Jabatan Mufti Wilayah Persekutuan. https://muftiwp.gov.my/artikel/irsyad-fatwa/irsyad-fatwa-umum/751-irsyad-al-fatwa-ke-202-hukum-hakam-berkaitan-khunsa [Dilayari pada 23 Februari 2022]

Houk, C. P., & Lee, P. A. 2008. Consensus statement on terminology and management: Disorders of sex development. Sexual Development, 2(4–5), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1159/000152032

Hughes, I. A. 2008. Disorders of sex development: a new definition and classification. Best Practice and Research in Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2007.11.001

Ibnu Qayyim Al-Jauziyah. 2011. Tibb al-Nabawi. Daar al-Fajar al-Turath. ms9

JKM (Jabatan Kebajikan Malaysia). 2022. Senarai Kemudahan dan Keistimewaan Bagi Orang Kurang Upaya. Kuala Lumpur; Jabatan Pembangunan Orang Kurang Upaya (JPOKU).

Kamus Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Edisi Keempat. (t.t). Maksud penyakit. https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=Penyakit [Dilayari pada 22 Julai 2021]

Kamus Perubatan Dorland. 2003. Maksud Penyakit. https://web.archive.org/web/20100411075617/http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorland/three/000030493.htm [Dilayari pada 22 Julai 2021]

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. 2014. Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008. Undang-Undang Malaysia, 1–40. Retrieved from http://www.agc.gov.my/agcportal/uploads/files/Publications/LOM/MY/Akta 685 - Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008.pdf

Manuskrip temubual. 2020. Dokumen sulit, manuskrip temubual kajian 'Pengurusan Pertukaran Jantina Pesakit Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) Muslim di Malaysia'. Pencatat: Anisatul-Qalbi Tarikh: 27 November, 10, 11 & 21 Disember 2020. Tempat: HCTM, JAKIM, HKL & Google Meet.

Mental Illness Glosary. 28 May 2010. Glosary. https://web.archive.org/web/20100528085547/http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih5/Mental/other/glossary.htm [Dilayari pada 22 Julai 2021]

NIH. (t.t). "Birth Defects: Condition Information". www.nichd.nih.gov. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/birthdefects/about [Dicapai pada 27 Julai 2021]

Raihanah Abdullah, Mahamatayuding Samah dan Mohd Nor Husairi Mat Hussin. 2017. Kecacatan sebagai alasan membubarkan perkahwinan melalui fasakh menurut Undang-Undang Keluarga Islam di Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Islam, Development and Social Harmony in Southeast Asia 2017, 11-12 April 2017, Narathiwat, Thailand.

Regent Prep. 2012. Regents Prep: Living Environment: Homeostasis: https://web.archive.org/web/20121025044155/http://regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/homeostasis/index.cfm [Dilayari pada 22 Julai 2021]

Susan Reynolds Whyte and Benedicte Ingstad .1995. Disability and Culture: An Overview. California: University of California Press, h. 3.

Svetlana G. Vorsanova, Alexey D. Kolotii, Oksana S. Kurinnaia, Victor S. Kravets, Irina A. Demidova, Ilya V. Soloviev, Yuri B. Yurov & Ivan Y. Iourov. 2021. Turner’s syndrome mosaicism in girls with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cohort study and hypothesis. Molecular Cytogenetics volume 14, Article number: 9 (2021)

Temple LKF, McLeod RS, Gallinger S, Wright JG. (2001). Defining Disease in the Genomics Era. Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):807-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1062938.

Tim White. 19 Disember 2014. What is the Difference Between an “Injury” and “Disease” for Comcare Commonwealth Compensation Claims?. https://tgb.com.au/injured-people/what-is-the-difference-between-an-%E2%80%9Cinjury%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cdisease%E2%80%9D-for-commonwealth-injury-claims/ [Dilayari pada 22 Julai 2021]

Thuyen U et al. 2006. Epidemiology and Initial Management of Ambiguous Genitalia at Birth in Germany. Horm Res 2006;66:195–203.

Umar Sulaiman Al-Asyqar, Mohd Usman Shabeer, Abd. Nasir Abu al-Basal et.al. 2001. Dirasat Fiqhiyyah fi Qadhoya Tibb al-Mua'sirah. Daar al-Nafais. Jilid 1.

Wahbah Zuhaili. 2008. Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa al-Qodoya al-Mu'asirah. Daar al-Fikr. Jilid 4

Zabidi, T. 2019. Analytical Review of Contemporary Fatwas in Resolving Biomedical Issues Over Gender Ambiguity. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(1), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0616-0

Zabidi, T. 2021. Evaluation Of Islamic Perspectives Regarding A Medical Condition Known As Disorders Of Sex Development (DSD).

Zainuddin, A. A., & Mahdy, Z. A. 2017. The Islamic Perspectives of Gender-Related Issues in the Management of Patients With Disorders of Sex Development. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(2), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0754-y

Zuhair Ahmad al-Sarba'ie & Muhammad Ali al-Baar. 2011. al-Tibb Adabuhu wa Fiqhuhu. Dimasqh: Dar al-Qalam.

Published

2022-04-30

How to Cite

Mohd Sofiyuddin, A. Q., Sarip, M. M. ., Mohd Akib, M. M. ., & Abd. Hamid, N. ‘Adha . (2022). Disorder of Sex Development (DSB) Berstatus Khunthā di Malaysia: Penyakit atau Kecacatan: Disorder of Sex Development (DSB) with Khunthā Status in Malaysia: Disease or Disability. Journal of Muwafaqat, 5(1), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.53840/muwafaqat.v5i1.95