PERSPEKTIF HALAL DALAM PENGGUNAAN TEKNOLOGI PGD BAGI TUJUAN PENYARINGAN PENYAKIT-PENYAKIT GENETIK
Halal Perspective on the Use of PGD Technology for Screening Genetic Diseases
Keywords:
PGD, Penyakit Genetik, Maqasid al-Shariah, Al-Darar Yuzal dan HalalAbstract
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a technology that enables the embryos to be screened for genetic defects or diseases before implantation. To date, there is only one general guideline on the use of PGD technology issued by the Malaysian Medical Council. The objective of this study is to describe the concept of PGD technology and its functions in general. It further analysed Islamic views and perspectives on the use of this technology. The researcher applied qualitative methods by examining concepts and methods outlined in Islam. The fundamental principles of Islam and maqasid al-shariah were examined and the Islamic Jurisprudence method of 'al-Darar Yuzal' was set as a guideline to permit the use of PGD technology, especially for screening genetic diseases. The finding showed that PGD's technology for screening genetic diseases is in line with Islamic principles and conforms to Islamic perspective on halal medicine.
Abstrak
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) merupakan suatu teknologi yang membolehkan embrio disaring untuk mengesan sebarang kerosakan genetik atau kebarangkalian ciri penyakit genetik pada embrio sebelum proses penempelan. Sehingga kini, hanya terdapat satu garis panduan umum berkenaan penggunaan teknologi PGD yang dikeluarkan oleh Majlis Perubatan Malaysia. Objektif kajian ini adalah menghuraikan konsep teknologi PGD dan fungsinya secara umum. Kajian ini juga bertujuan membincangkan pandangan dan perspektif Islam terhadap penggunaan teknologi tersebut. Penyelidik menggunakan pendekatan metodologi kualitatif melalui analisis konsep dan kaedah yang digariskan dalam Islam. Mengambil kira prinsip asas Islam dan maqasid al-shariah, kajian turut meletakkan kaedah fikah yang masyhur iaitu ‘al-Darar Yuzal’ sebagai kayu ukur penerimaan teknologi PGD terutamanya bagi menyaring penyakit-penyakit genetik. Hasil kajian akhirnya menjelaskan bahawa teknologi PGD bagi penyaringan penyakit-penyakit genetik adalah selari dengan prinsip-prinsip tersebut dan bertepatan dengan perspektif halal perubatan dalam Islam.
Downloads
References
Al-Quran al-Karim.
Angelina Patrick Olesen. 2013. Ethical Implications of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD): A Qualitative Study on Three Selected Groups in Malaysia. Universiti Malaya.
Anon. 2006a. Guideline of The Malaysian Medical Council: Assisted Reproduction. Malaysian Medical Council.
Anon. 2016b. What are single gene disorders? Retrieved October 31, 2017, from https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-are-single-gene-disorders
Botkin, J. R. 1998. Ethical issues and practical problems in Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 26(1), 17–28, 3. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.1998.tb01902.x
Cherkassky, L. 2015. The wrong harvest : the law on saviour siblings the wrong harvest. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 29(1), 1–20.
Cheryl Pui-Yan Au. 2012. The ethics of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. MSJA, 4(2), 24–25. http://doi.org/10.1576/toag.10.1.049.27378
Corazon, D. 2010. Genetic syndromes caused by chromosome abnormalities. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/74036.aspx
Fadilah Abdul Rahman, et.al. 2016. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis ( PGD ): Halal perspective. In Contemporary Issues and Development in The Global Halal Industry (pp. 271–280). http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1452-9
Fasouliotis, S. J., & Schenker, J. G. 1998. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis principles and ethics. Human Reproduction, 13(8), 2238–2245. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.8.2238
Fauwaz Fadzil Noor. 2015. Fiqh Medic. Telaga Biru Sdn Bhd.
Findlay, I. 2000. Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis. British Medical Bulletin, 56(3), 672–690. Retrieved from http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/
Hanifah Musa Fathullah Harun, Fadilah Abd Rahman, Zakiah Samori, & Fathi Ramly. 2016. Ethical aspect of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis : An Islamic overview. In Contemporary Issues and Development in The Global Halal Industry (pp. 281–290). http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1452-9
Hasan Ahmad & Muhammad Salleh Ahmad. 2002. Usul Fiqh Dan Qawa’id Fiqhiyyah. Pustaka Haji Abdul Majid, Kuala Lumpur.
Hasan Basri Omar. 2011. Zuriat Biologi Reproduksi Rekaan Dari Perspektif Islam. Selangor, Malaysia: PTS Islamika Sdn Bhd.
Hasan Soleh. 1979. Dasar-Dasar Hidup Islam. Pustaka Aman Press Sdn Bhd, Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
Karen Appold. 2014. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis how should labs grapple with ethics? Clinical Laboratory News, 40(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2013.202515
Al-Khan, Mustofa Said. 2001. Al-Kafi Al-Wafi Fi Usul Al-Fiqh Al-Islami (1st ed.). Muassasah al-Risalah, Beirut, Lubnan.
Kersten, Elizabeth. 2008. The ethical implications of preimplantation genetic what is PGD? http://doi.org/www.slideshare.net/t7260678/elizabeth-1-40296393
Kristine Barlow-Stewart, & Mona Saleh. 2012. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. Centre for Genetics Education, 1–2.
Mahadzirah Mohamad & Nor Azman Mat Ali. 2016. Quality of Life Maqasid Syariah Approach. Penerbit Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu.
McGowan, M. L., Burant, C. J., Moran, R., & Farrell, R. 2009. Patient education and informed consent for Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Health literacy for genetics and assisted reproductive technology. Genetics in Medicine, 11(9), 640–645. http://doi.org/10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181ac6b52
Md Amin Abdul Rahman Al-Jarumi. 2010. Bicara Ad-Din Mutiara Kehidupan Beragama, (1st ed.). Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA) UiTM, Shah Alam, Selangor.
Muhammad Nuruddin Marbu. 2003. Ad-Darar Al-Bahiyyah Fi Idhoh Al-Qawaid Al-Fiqhiyyah (4th ed.). Majlisu al-Banjari li at-Tafaqquh fid-Din, Kaherah, Mesir.
Muhd Rushdan Md Noor & Murizah Mohd Zain. 2010. Panduan Lengkap Reproduksi Manusia dan Rawatan Infertiliti. Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur.
Ramawan Ab Rahman et.al. 2011. Pengantar Tamadun Dan Sejarah Pemikiran Islam. Penerbitan Alambaca Sdn Bhd, Selangor.
Ramawan Ab. Rahman & Mohd Yusof Yusak. 2012. Islam (Pengantar Asas Prinsip). Islam Giga Wise Network Sdn Bhd, Selangor.
Rose, C. 2009. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis, (October), 1–32. http://doi.org/http://www.drze.de/in-focus/preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis (1)
The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine. 2004. Sex selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis. Fertility and Sterility, 82(SUPPL. 1), S245–S248. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.05.016
Vacco, L. A. 2005. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: from preventing genetic disease to customizing children. can the technology be regulated based on the parents’ intent? Saint Louis University Law Journal 49(1181–1228.
Wan Ali Wan Jusoh. 2005. Institusi-Institusi Islam. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. 1999. AL-Wajiz Fi Usul al-Fiqh (2nd ed.). Dar al-Fikr, Damsyik.
Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah. 2013. Kaedah Usul Fiqah (1st ed.). Pustaka Al-Ehsan, Batu Caves Selangor.
Zulekha Yusoff & Asmak Hj Ali. 2011. Ikhtisar Sains dan Teknologi dalam Tamadun Islam. Pusat Penerbitan Universiti (UPENA). Shah Alam Selangor.
