The Responsibility to Protect Doctrine (RtoP) in the Context of the Alleged Atrocity Crimes in the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Relevance and Applicability
Doktrin Tanggungjawab untuk Melindungi (RtoP) dalam Konteks Dakwaan Jenayah Kekejaman di Wilayah Palestin yang diduduki: Perkaitan Dan Kebolehlaksanaan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53840/muwafaqat.v8i2.184Keywords:
Responsibility to Protect, Interstate, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Atrocity Crimes, IsraelAbstract
The Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) doctrine was introduced by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001 and unanimously adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in 2005, upon the failure of the United Nations (UN) and the international community to contain a series of grave humanitarian disasters. The purpose was to create a more acceptable norm, than the “humanitarian intervention” by which actions for protecting civilians amid conflicts are prioritized. However, the robust enduring allegations of atrocities committed by Israel against civilians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPTs), particularly the current upheaval, continue to raise the question of the RtoP, and whether it can be invoked for protection of civilians thereof. With focus on the OPTs’ crises, the paper aims at analysing the RtoP’s background, emergence and adoption together with the related scholarly literature to determine its scope of work, with focus on interstate question. The paper employs a desk and library-based approach by analysing and synthesising past literatures, existing legal provisions and treaties. The literature shows acute divisions that range between the applicability, conditional one and strict non-relevance due to the so called “RtoP’s inapplicability in interstate crises”. Utilizing the doctrinal legal research for analysis of relevant provisions and application of legal reasoning entailed, this paper will examine whether the RtoP applies to interstate conflicts. The research finds that the RtoP was evolved in a context that focused mainly on internal wars rather than interstate conflicts. However, neither The ICISS nor the WSOD articles 138 & 139 have excluded the interstate crises. The paper then frames the argument that the RtoP applies whenever and wherever genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity are committed or threatened with the state in concern being “manifestly” unable or unwilling, regardless of the crimes perpetrator or the nature of conflict, or whether the said crimes occur as a result of intrastate or interstate crises. This result contributes to further advance the priority of civilians’ protection in dire situations and ought to provide a new perspective in approaching the historical Palestinian crisis, as well as similar cases. Academically, it can be utilized by future researchers on discussions and studies that cover the RtoP’s capabilities and possible practical ways of its application in the OPTs and other similar situations.
Doktrin Tanggungjawab untuk Melindungi (RtoP) telah diperkenalkan oleh Suruhanjaya Antarabangsa mengenai Campur Tangan dan Kedaulatan Negara (ICISS) pada tahun 2001 dan diterima sebulat suara oleh Perhimpunan Agung Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UNGA) pada tahun 2005, berikutan kegagalan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) dan masyarakat antarabangsa untuk membendung siri bencana kemanusiaan yang dahsyat. Tujuannya adalah untuk mewujudkan norma yang lebih diterima, berbanding "campur tangan kemanusiaan" yang mana tindakan untuk melindungi orang awam di tengah-tengah konflik diutamakan. Walau bagaimanapun, dakwaan kukuh yang berterusan mengenai kekejaman yang dilakukan oleh Israel terhadap orang awam di Wilayah Palestin yang Diduduki (OPT), terutamanya pergolakan semasa, terus menimbulkan persoalan mengenai RtoP, dan sama ada ia boleh digunakan untuk perlindungan orang awam di sana. Dengan fokus pada krisis OPT, kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis latar belakang, kemunculan dan penerimaan RtoP bersama-sama dengan literatur ilmiah yang berkaitan untuk menentukan skop kerjanya, dengan tumpuan pada persoalan antara negara. Kertas kerja ini menggunakan pendekatan berasaskan meja dan perpustakaan dengan menganalisis dan mensintesis literatur lampau, peruntukan dan perjanjian undang-undang yang sedia ada. Literatur menunjukkan perpecahan yang ketara yang berkisar antara kebolehgunaan, bersyarat dan ketidakrelevanan mutlak disebabkan oleh apa yang dipanggil "ketidakberlakuan RtoP dalam krisis antara negara". Dengan menggunakan penyelidikan undang-undang doktrinal untuk analisis peruntukan yang berkaitan dan penerapan penaakulan undang-undang yang terlibat, kertas kerja ini akan mengkaji sama ada RtoP terpakai kepada konflik antara negara. Penyelidikan mendapati bahawa RtoP berkembang dalam konteks yang memberi tumpuan terutamanya kepada perang dalaman dan bukannya konflik antara negara. Walau bagaimanapun, baik ICISS mahupun artikel 138 & 139 WSOD tidak mengecualikan krisis antara negara. Kertas kerja ini kemudiannya merangka hujah bahawa RtoP terpakai bila-bila masa dan di mana sahaja genosid, jenayah perang, penghapusan etnik dan jenayah terhadap kemanusiaan dilakukan atau diancam dengan negara yang berkenaan "jelas" tidak mampu atau tidak mahu, tanpa mengira pelaku jenayah atau sifat konflik, atau sama ada jenayah tersebut berlaku akibat krisis dalaman atau antara negara. Hasil ini menyumbang kepada memajukan lagi keutamaan perlindungan orang awam dalam situasi yang teruk dan seharusnya memberikan perspektif baharu dalam mendekati krisis Palestin yang bersejarah, serta kes-kes yang serupa. Dari sudut akademik, ia boleh digunakan oleh penyelidik masa depan dalam perbincangan dan kajian yang meliputi keupayaan RtoP dan cara praktikal yang mungkin untuk penerapannya di OPT dan situasi serupa yang lain.
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