Parameter Darar Dalam Membina Prosedur Operasi Standard (SOP) Menangani Pandemik Daripada Perspektif Empat Mazhab

Darar Parameters in Developing Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) To Handle the Pandemic from The Perspective of Four Madhhabs

Abstract

Persoalan mengenai darurah adalah subjek yang penting untuk diterokai dan dibincangkan terutamanya dalam situasi darurat kesihatan yang disebabkan oleh pandemic COVID-19 yang telah melanda dunia dan negara baru-baru ini. Melihat dari sudut syarak, konsep darurah menjadi antara landasan utama dalam membina SOP bagi mengekang wabak yang mengancam nyawa dan mudah merebak di kalangan manusia di samping konsep-konsep lain seperti maqasid syariah. SOP yang dikeluarkan menyebabkan aktiviti ekonomi dan pergerakan rakyat menjadi terhad. Selain penutupan premis-premis perniagaan, tuntutan ibadah fardu seperti solat Jumaat tidak dapat dijalankan secara ‘azimah, atas prinsip rukhsah. Penutupan sektor ekonomi dan social telah memberikan kesan negatif kepada emosi sebahagian rakyat akibat hilang punca pendapatan sehingga ada yang lantang mempersoalkan penutupan masjid, surau, sektor ekonomi dan sosial. SOP yang dikeluarkan adalah hasil penilaian yang komprehensif berdasarkan laporan pihak berautoriti terhadap ancaman virus dari sudut kebolehjangkitan, kapasiti dan fasiliti perubatan, jumlah pesakit, kadar kematian dan kategori pesakit untuk ditentukan tahap keperluan dan keutamaan menerima rawatan. SOP COVID-19 tidak hanya menyentuh soal ekonomi dan kesihatan semata-mata bahkan juga agama. Justeru itu, penulisan ini menonjolkan pemakaian darurah menurut perspektif empat mazhab yang menepati prinsip darurah yang sebenar serta metodologi hukum yang dinamik dan organik. Kajian ini bertujuan menjelaskan konsep darurah dari perspektif empat mazhab sebagai metodologi hukum dalam pembangunan SOP bagi menangani pandemik. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode induktif, deduktif dan komparatif. Dapatan penulisan ini menunjukkan bahawa konsep darurah dari perspektif empat mazhab sesuai untuk dijadikan asas dalam membina parameter darar.

The issue of darurah is an important subject to explore and discuss, especially in the context of health emergencies caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has recently impacted both the world and the nation. From an Islamic legal perspective, the concept of darurah serves as a fundamental basis in the formulation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) aimed at curbing the spread of a life-threatening and easily transmissible virus, alongside other principles such as maqasid al-shariah. The SOPs issued have resulted in limitations on economic activities and the movement of people. In addition to the closure of business premises, obligatory acts of worship such as Friday prayers could not be performed in their usual manner (‘azimah), due to the application of the principle of rukhsah. The closure of economic and social sectors has negatively affected the emotional well-being of some citizens, as many have lost their sources of income, leading to vocal criticisms regarding the closure of mosques, prayer halls, as well as the economic and social sectors. The SOPs were formulated based on a comprehensive evaluation by the relevant authorities, which considered factors such as the transmissibility of the virus, the capacity and availability of medical facilities, the number of patients, mortality rates, and the classification of patients to determine the necessary and prioritized level of care. The COVID-19 SOPs addressed not only economic and health concerns but also religious ones. Hence, this paper highlights the application of darurah from the perspective of the four Sunni schools of thought (madhahib), in accordance with the true principles of darurah, and their dynamic and organic legal methodologies. The objective of this study is to clarify the concept of darurah from the perspective of the four madhahib as a legal methodology for the development of SOPs in addressing the pandemic. The research employs inductive, deductive, and comparative methods. The findings of this study indicate that the concept of darurah, from the perspective of the four schools of thought, is suitable to serve as a foundation in establishing the parameters of darar.